Maxim Gorky Biography Creativity

His father, Maxim Peshkov, who died in, in the last years of his life, worked as the manager of the Astrakhan Steamboat Office Kolchin. When Alexei was 11 years old, his mother also died. The boy was brought up after that in the house of his mother’s grandfather, Kashirin, a ruined owner of a dyeing workshop. The stingy grandfather early forced young Alyosha “go to people”, that is, earn on his own.

He had to work as distributed at a store, a baker, wash the dishes in the buffet. Gorky later described these early years of his life in “Childhood”, the first part of his autobiographical trilogy. In Alexei, unsuccessfully tried to enter Kazan University. Gorky’s grandmother, unlike her grandfather, was a kind and religious woman, a beautiful storyteller.

Alexey Maksimovich himself associated his suicide attempt in December with severe experiences about grandmother's death. Gorky shot himself, but remained alive: the bullet passed by the heart. However, she seriously damaged the lung, and the writer suffered all his life later from respiratory weakness. In Gorky, he was arrested for a short time for contact with the Marxist circle of N.

In the spring, he went to wander around Russia and reached the Caucasus. Expanding his knowledge by self -education, settling for temporary work by a loader or a night watchman, Gorky saved the impressions that he later used to write his first stories. He called this life period "my universities." In the summer Gorky returned to his native places and began to cooperate as a journalist in several provincial publications.

Alexey Maksimovich first wrote, under the pseudonym, Jehudiyl Khlamid, which is translated from Jewish and Greek gives some associations with a “cloak and a dagger”, but soon came up with another - Maxim Gorky, hinting both on the “bitter” Russian life and the desire to write only “bitter truth”. For the first time, the name “Gorky” was used by him in correspondence for the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”.

Gorky’s literary debut and his first steps in politics in Maxim Gorky “Makar Chudra” appeared. All of them did not differ in great artistic virtues, but successfully coincided with new Russian political trends. Until the middle of the X, the left Russian intelligentsia worshiped the people who idealized the peasantry. But from the second half of this decade, Marxism began to gain more and more popularity in radical circles.

The Marxists proclaimed that the dawn of a bright future would light the proletariat and the poor layers. Bosyaki-lumpen and were the main characters of the stories of Maxim Gorky. Society began to be violently applauded by them as a new fiction fashion. The first collection of Gorky “Essays and Stories” was published. He had a noisy, although completely inexplicable success of literary talent, success.

Gorky’s social and creative career went sharply on the take -off. He portrayed the life of the poor from the bottom of the Society of “Terles”, with strong exaggerations, painting their difficulties and humiliation, intensely introducing the played pathetics of “humanity” to his stories. Maxim Gorky gained a reputation as the only literary exponent of the interests of the working class, the defender of the idea of ​​a radical social, political and cultural transformation of Russia.

His work was praised by intellectuals and “conscious” workers. Gorky made a close acquaintance with Chekhov and Tolstoy, although their attitude towards him was not always unambiguous. Gorky acted as a convinced supporter of the Marxist Social Democracy, openly hostile to “tsarism”. In him, he wrote openly calling to the revolution "Song of the Petrel." For compiling a proclamation calling for the “fight against autocracy”, he was arrested and sent from Nizhny Novgorod in the same year.

Maxim Gorky became a close friend of many revolutionaries, including Lenin of the “protocols of the Zion sages” of an employee of the guard Matvey Golovinsky. Golovinsky after that had to leave Russia. When the election of Gorky as member of the Imperial Academy according to the category of elegant literature was canceled by the government, academicians A. Chekhov and V. Korolenko were also resigned as a sign of solidarity.

Maxim Gorky in gg. From his works of this period of life, several plays are especially distinguished, closely related to public issues. The most famous of them is "at the bottom." Delivered not without censorship difficulties in Moscow, it was a great success, and then was given throughout Europe and in the United States. Maxim Gorky came closer to the political opposition. During the revolution, he concluded in the Petersburg Peter and Paul Fortress for the play “Children of the Sun”, which was formally dedicated to the epidemic of cholera of the year, but clearly hinted at current events.

Having blessed, thanks to his writing creativity, Maxim Gorky provided financial support to the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party of the RSDLP, while supporting liberal calls for civil and social reforms. The death of many people during the manifestation of the Bloody Sunday on January 9, apparently, gave an impetus to even greater radicalization of Gorky.Without joining the Bolsheviks and Lenin, he converged with them on most questions.

During the December armed rebellion in Moscow, in the apartment of Maxim Gorky, near Moscow University, the headquarters of the rebels was located. At the end of the uprising, the writer left for Petersburg. From Europe, he went to the United States to raise funds in support of the Bolshevik party. It was during this trip that Gorky began to write his famous novel “Mother”, which first came out in English in London, and then in Russian the theme of this very tendentious work - joining the revolution of a simple working woman after the arrest of her son.

In America, Gorky was first met with outstretched arms. He met the Theodor Roosevelt and Mark Twain. However, then the American press began to be indignant at the loud political actions of Maxim Gorky: he sent a telegram of support to the trade union leaders Haywood and Moer, who accused the murder of the Governor of Aidaho. The newspapers did not like the fact that the writer was accompanied on a trip, not his wife Ekaterina Peshkova, but a mistress, Maria Andreeva.

Gorky, which was very wounded by all this, began to condemn the “bourgeois spirit” in his work even more fiercely. Returning from America, Maxim Gorky decided not to return to Russia so far, because he could arrest there for contact with the Moscow uprising. S for he lived on the Italian island of Capri. From there, Alexei Maksimovich continued to support the Russian left, especially the Bolsheviks; He wrote novels and essays.

Together with the Bolshevik emigrants Alexander Bogdanov and A. Lunacharsky, Gorky created an intricate philosophical system called “Bobility”. She claimed to develop “socialist spirituality” from the revolutionary myths, with the help of which humanity enriched with strong passions and new moral values ​​will be able to get rid of evil, suffering and even death.

Although these philosophical searches were rejected by Lenin, Maxim Gorky continued to believe that “culture”, that is, moral and spiritual values ​​are more important for the success of the revolution than political and economic events. This topic underlies his novel “Confession” by Gorky's Return to Russia using an amnesty given to the Flight of the Romanov dynasty, Gorky returned to Russia in the year and continued active social and literary activities.

During this period of his life, he directed young writers from the people and wrote the first two parts of his autobiographical trilogy - “Childhood” and “In the People” of the First World War, his Petersburg apartment again served as the place of assembly by the Bolsheviks, but in the revolutionary relations with them worsened. Two weeks after the October Revolution, Maxim Gorky wrote: “Lenin, Trotsky and accompanying them were already poisoned by the rotten poison of power, as evidenced by their shameful attitude to freedom of speech, personality and the entire amount of the rights, for the triumph of which democracy fought.

Blind fanatics and unscrupulous adventurers bumping out of the way to the “social revolution” - in fact, this is the path to the anarchy, to the death of the proletariat and revolution ... Lenin, the leader and the Russian master, who are not alien to some of the departed into the non -existence of the estate, and therefore he considers himself a cruel experience in advance, in advance The failure ...

A ruthless experience is made with the Russian working class, which will destroy the best forces of the workers and will stop the normal development of the Russian revolution for a long time. ” Gorky newspaper "New Life" began to be persecuted by Bolshevik censorship. In Alexei Maksimovich, he wrote a series of critical notes addressed to the Leninist power entitled “untimely thoughts”, which were repeatedly published in Russia only after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

He compared Lenin in them with the king for his inhuman tyranny of repressions regarding freedom of thought, as well as with the glorious extreme moralism anarchist, however, as the Bolshevik regime was strengthened, Maxim Gorky more and more refrained from criticism. We cordially wish you a speedy recovery, be cheerful in spirit. ” Alexey Maksimovich achieved a personal meeting with Lenin, about whom he told this: “I realized that he was mistaken, went to Ilyich and frankly confessed to his mistake.” Together with a number of other writers who joined the Bolsheviks, Gorky created the World Literature Publishing House during the People's Commissariat of People's Commissariats.

It planned to publish the best classical works, but in an atmosphere of terrible devastation it could not do almost nothing. Gorky, but a love affair with one of the employees of the new publishing house - Maria Benkendorf began. It lasted for many years. Gorky's secondary stay in Italy in August, Gorky, despite his personal appeal to Lenin, could not save his friend, poet Nikolai Gumilyov, “My Universities” from the execution of the CGPs, then he returned to Italy “for the treatment of tuberculosis”.

Living in Sorrento, Gorky kept contacts with his homeland.After a year, Alexei Maksimovich came to the Soviet Union several times until he accepted Stalin’s proposal for the final return to his homeland on the opinion of some literary critics, the reason for the writer was the reason for the return, his long -standing sympathy for the Bolsheviks, but there is a more reasonable opinion that Gorky’s desire to get rid of the debts made during their lives abroad.

In the West, the Gorky article on the Solovetsky camp caused a violent criticism, and he began to bashfully explain that he was under pressure from Soviet censors. The departure of the writer from fascist Italy and the return to the USSR were widely used by communist propaganda. Shortly before the arrival of Moscow, Gorky published March in Soviet newspapers the article “With whom are you, masters of culture?

Steamed in the style of Lenin-Stalinist propaganda, she called for writers, artists and artists to put her work in the service of the communist movement. During the demonstrations, Gorky climbed the rostrum of the mausoleum with Stalin. One of the main Moscow streets, Tverskaya, was renamed in honor of the writer, just like his hometown, Nizhny Novgorod who again found its historical name only in the year, with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The largest aircraft in the world, ANT, built in the middle of the X Bur Tupolev, was called "Maxim Gorky." There are numerous photos of the writer with members of the Soviet government. I had to pay for all these honors. Gorky put his work in the service of Stalin's propaganda. He acted as a co-editor of the book, which poured the Belomoro-Baltic Canal built by the slave labor and convinced that in the Soviet “correctional” camps, a successful “skew” of the former “enemies of the proletariat” was being committed.

Maxim Gorky on the rostrum of the Mausoleum. Nearby - Kaganovich, Voroshilov and Stalin, however, is the information that all this lie was worth a bitter mental torment.