Ernst Lindemann Biography

Vitaliy Matsar's childhood, adolescence, youth Frederick Alexander Lindemann, future Viscount Cheruell, was born on April 5 in Baden-Baden, where his mother was treated with healing waters. His father, Adolf Frederick, a native of Palatz, emigrated to England in his youth and worked there as an engineer - in particular, participated in the laying of one of the first transatlantic cables; In addition, he was an amateur astronomer and eventually even became a member of the royal astronomical society.

Frederick Lindemann. Teaching there was good, albeit with a military bias. The youngest son had a wonderful memory perfectly, while diligently pretending to be idle. This helped demonstrate its exclusivity and outstanding abilities. Such a feature - a tendency to draw - has been preserved for his life. The family was wealthy. The brothers spent the holidays in a mansion in Devonshire inherited by his mother.

There, his father arranged an observatory and a workshop, where Frederick learned to skillfully manage with a variety of instruments, even mastered the skills of glassbuilding. Someone from his father’s friends noticed the abilities of the youngest son, who showed a tendency to science, and recommended that he send him to Germany so that he would receive an appropriate scientific education there.

In the year, Frederick began studying at a secondary school in Darmstadt, where he also succeeded quite quickly. He seemed to have learned German from his father, which is why he had a strong emphasis for his whole life when he spoke English. At the end of school, he entered the University of Berlin and became a student of Walter Nernst, who headed the physicochemical institute there.

The third law of thermodynamics, the Nernst Institute was engaged in the study of substances at low temperatures. Then it was a new, unknown field of research. At the end of the XIX century, a professor of experimental physics of the University of Leiden Hike, Kamerling-Onnes, developed a gases for liquefaction of gases, having first received liquid oxygen and neon, liquid hydrogen in the year, and in the year-liquid helium, reaching a record-low temperature at that time-less than a degree above absolute zero.

However, the main goal was to study at such low temperatures of the properties of a variety of substances and materials, primarily diamond. The problem was this. In the year, the empirical “law” of Dülong - Bird was established, according to which the molar heat of the simple solid bodies is approximately the same and is equal to tripled universal gas constant.

It is curious that Alexis Bird and Pierre Louis Dulong were the tutors of the future founder of the classical thermodynamics of Sadi Carno, who did not study at the Paris Polytechnic School. The first dragged Sadi in physics, and the second - in chemistry 1. However, it soon became clear that some substances, for example, boron, silicon and carbon, especially in the form of a diamond, with a decrease in temperature, demonstrate a smaller heat capacity.

The explanation for this within the framework of classical physics could not be found. In the year, Albert Einstein proposed an explanation of such a behavior of these substances on the basis of the recently introduced clan of the quantum, which was introduced by Max, building an appropriate model, which followed the graph of the heat capacity with a decrease in temperature.

Nernst with colleagues and students, among whom was Lindemann, took up the verification of Einstein's schedule of measurement results. Walter Nernst E years. Mondadori Publishers, under the leadership of Nernst, was engaged in Lindemann, who defended his dissertation in the year, in which he showed that the “law” of Dülong - Bird is well observed for metals, but not for metaloids.

In parallel, it was found that Einstein's formula works well for all studied elements, such as silver, zinc, copper, aluminum, mercury, iodine and others. Nernst had an interest in the Einstein model, one might say, “skinny”. Immediately believing the existence of quanta, Nernst in the year suggested that entropy when the body temperature approaches zero also strives for zero.

He stated that he opened the third law of thermodynamics so subsequently it turned out, and in the year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and hoped that Einstein’s model would confirm his justice, with which the author of the model himself was disagreeable, perfectly realizing that he had accepted to simplify the calculations of the assumption would not give complete compliance with the experiment.

A more accurate quantum theory of specific heat capacity was developed in the year by the Dutch physicist Peter Debai. Later it was clarified by Max Born and Theodor von Pocket. The entrepreneurial professor of Nernst, who longed to discuss his third law of thermodynamics with colleagues and generally deal with quanta, organized the first Solveevsky conference, which all the largest specialists, including Einstein, gathered with the money of the Belgian rich in the year.

Nernst took with him to Brussels and Lindemanne, but it is unlikely to be for his scientific merits, rather because of his magnificent memory and ability to briefly and accurately express the thoughts of others.Lindemann and Maurice de Broil were instructed to become secretaries of the conference and prepare a collection of her labors for printing. So Frederick met and made friends with Einstein, and at the same time with de Broil.

They did not become particularly close, but retained warm relations for life. The conference of clarity itself in the situation with quanta and specific heat did not introduce 2, because before the first quantum theory of Niels Bor remained for another two years. Lindemann continued the research in the Nernst Laboratory, although he complained that in the summer of the student it was difficult to find in the workplace.

At the first opportunity, Frederick ran away on the courts and soon succeeded a lot in the game, which was then called Laun-Tennis. He won the open championship of Sweden in a solitary category and won first place in a tournament in Germany. Alas, he did not have time to get his cup, since the First World War began and had to urgently take his legs to England so as not to be interned.

However, in the year, already as a professor, Lindemann made his way through the qualification tournament in Wimbledon’s main grid, but flew out in the first circle. Farnborough and Oxford, with the outbreak of First World War, Frederick was drafted into the British army and ended up on an aviation base in Farnborough, in a unit of scientists and engineers who solved tasks who were not clear who to entrust.

For example, many pilots in those years died, falling into a corkscrew, so it was necessary to study this phenomenon. Lindemann took up the decision and theoretically calculated the forces acting on the plane during a corkscrew, and the methods of exit from it. Not wanting to risk the lives of others, he achieved permission to undergo training on the pilot and began to check his conclusions on his own.

It turned out that his method works, and he not only learned to get out of the corkscrew himself, but also developed a system of training other pilots. But here Lindemann did not miss the case to show off. He invariably appeared at the base in the pot and with an umbrella and in this form climbed into the airplane. Techniques did not trust this Pezhon because of his surname and poured him a minimum of fuel so that he could not fly to Germany.

Once, because of this, Lindemann did not reach the base and sat on the field near the village, whose residents were alarmed to the authorities that the civilian had crawled out of the airplane in the pot, spoke with a strong German accent, called himself Lindemann and stated that he was from Farnboroto’s air base, which was difficult to believe in. He allowed himself and pranks.

For example, he dropped from his airplane to the lawn, where the guests had fun after his friend’s wedding ceremony, a gift - a couple of shoes. By the way, Francis Aston served in the same unit, who received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in the year “For the opening of isotopes of non-di-active elements using the mass spectrof invented by him”. He wrote one of the works on the methods of separation of isotopes in collaboration with Lindemann.

Aston also played tennis perfectly and won the open championships of Wales and Ireland. At the end of the war, in the year, with the support of Raley and Ranford, Lindemann was elected professor of experimental philosophy in other words, physics in Oxford. In those days, it was the University of the Humanitarians, his only physical laboratory Clarendon was in a deplorable state.

Frederick's predecessor was an elderly professor of optics, who held his post for 50 years. Evil languages ​​assured that there were about two dozen prisms Nicolas in the laboratory, but there was no electricity. From time to time, this professor ordered a new optical device, personally checked it, after which he placed it in the original packaging and ordered to take it to the warehouse.

This laboratory Lindemann had to turn into something modern that he soon succeeded in, starting a number of works on low temperatures there and continuing the research, begun under the guidance of Nernst. He did not achieve outstanding results, but by the aggregate of merits in the year he was elected a member of the London Royal Society. In the year, Lindemann took advantage of Einstein’s short -term visit to England to personally take him by car to Oxford.

Perhaps, he wanted to raise the prestige of his laboratory, and at the same time he loved to draw his own: Einstein by that time became world famous after the expedition of Arthur Eddington discovered the deviation of the rays of light in the gravitational field of the sun predicted by the general theory of relativity. By the way, the very fact of Einstein’s arrival in England was an extraordinary event, because Germany was in complete isolation after the end of the First World War.

Her scientists were not invited to participate in any conferences, German science was simply ignored, but Einstein worked in Berlin. So this visit must be merit both Lindemann and Eddington. However, Einstein’s reputation as an active pacifist should be taken into account. Lindemann was not a pacifist. He hated Germany and publicly lamented that because of his mother he was born in this country.The Eddington is an anti-fan of the memoirs of Chandrakar 1 Once I expressed Eddington my admiration for his scientific courage when planning an expedition in such difficult conditions.

To my surprise, he did not see any merit in this. If everything depended only on him, then he would not organize any expedition at all, because he did not doubt the fairness of the general theory of relativity. And then he told the following story. In the year, two years after the outbreak of war, the law on universal military duty was adopted in England, and Eddington, which then turned 34 years old, fell under the draft.

But he was a quaker, and religion forbade him to hold weapons. Everyone knew about this and expected that for this reason he would refuse to be called up. At that time, the refuseniks were very poorly treated, society stigmatized and despised them. Therefore, Cambridge’s then, including Larmore, tried to persuade the Ministry of the Interior to free Eddington from calling as one of the largest English scientists, which will bring the country much more benefit in the office than on the battlefield.

Everyone then remembered the death of Mozli well. Larmor and colleagues managed to convince the ministry, which sent Eddington a uniform notifying him of the release from the call, and he should only sign and send it back. He signed it, but made an appointment, where he reported that if he had not been released from the call for the indicated reason, he would still refuse to serve because of his religious beliefs.

Naturally, the ministry was put in a stupid position, because the refusenikov was supposed to be sent to the camp, and Larmore and his colleagues were very angry with Eddington, who substituted them so. Eddington himself did not see why it was angry with him. Since many of his brothers-quackers ended up in the camp and cleaned potatoes there, then why would he not be with them.

Be that as it may, but, apparently, with the participation of Dyson, who, as the Royal astronomer, had close contacts with the Admiralty, Eddington was nevertheless freed from the call, while clearly prescribed that if the war ends by May, he will be obliged to organize an expedition to verify the predictions of Einstein's theory! Chandrasekhar S. Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time.

Cambridge University Press, per.

Entre-deux-Guerres with Winston Churchill Lindemann met in the year in a charity tennis match, where he was in pairs with his wife, and took up his soul for life. Churchill was also imbued with confidence in Frederick and began to informly use his services as a personal adviser on all issues - from the installation of fountains in his estate to private tennis lessons for his wife.

It is difficult to say what could connect these two people. Churchill was not a fool to drink, enjoy a good cigar after a dense dinner, and there was no disgust to the opposite floor. Lindemann all his life remained a bachelor, did not drink, did not smoke and was a convinced vegetarian, although he allowed himself to eat eggs - though only protein. And they were fond of different sports - Churchill preferred the royal game of Polo, where the rider had to move less than a tennis player.