Brief biography of Paul 1

Latest news biography Pavel I - ruler with a difficult fate. It is no coincidence that the representative of the Russian royal dynasty received the nickname Hamlet. The biography of the emperor turned out to be filled with dramatic events, starting from childhood and ending with a terrible death, when he became a victim of a palace conspiracy. The reign of the emperor was so contradictory that later scientists were wondering if he was a reformer or a despot.

Although, due to the jokes of his father on the topic “It is not known where the children from the wife” of the boy, many considered the boy Favorite Ekaterina Alekseevna Sergey Saltykov. Moreover, the first -born was born only after 10 years of marriage. However, the external similarity of Paul and Peter should be considered as a response to such rumors. The childhood of the future autocrat cannot be called happy.

Due to the political struggle, the current Empress Elizabeth I Petrovna was afraid of Paul, fenced her grandson from communicating with her parents and surrounded the army and teachers who were more and more likely to be high-ranking persons than worried about the boy. An extensive library of academician Johann Korf was provided to his personal disposal. Teachers taught the heir to the throne to the law of God, foreign languages, dances and fencing, painting and other sciences.

It is interesting that none of the lessons included anything related to military affairs, but the curious teenager himself began to get involved in them. At the same time, the boy was distinguished by love for all living things. According to the educators, Paul showed compassion even to the mokits, but he had special feelings for cats. The boy was 8 years old when his cousin Elizaveta Petrovna died, and he was able to reunite with his parents.

Paul did not have time to get closer to his father, because he died under mysterious circumstances. It is known that Peter III was proud of his son and his achievements. Catherine II, entering the throne, signed an obligation to transfer the reign to her son Paul I when the young men of adulthood are reached. However, the document was not preserved: perhaps the empress destroyed the paper, and maybe this is just a legend.

But such a statement was referred to by the rioters who were dissatisfied with the board of the “Iron German”, including Emelyan Pugachev. Paul had a difficult relationship with his mother. According to some biographers, Catherine treated her son coldly and with distrust, fearing that he would shift her from the throne. The empress experienced much more love for the eldest grandson, to whom she wanted to transfer power.

She, on the contrary, sought to keep her son away from public affairs. Personal life officially Pavel I was married twice. The first wife, Grand Duchess Natalya Alekseevna, was by birth of the German princess Augustus Wilhelmina Hesse-Darmstadt. She died 2 years after the wedding during childbirth. The first son was born dead. Paul's mother did not want to pull with his new marriage, so she announced a short mourning for the deceased - only 3 months.

At that time, she had already looked at her son a new bride. Maria Fedorovna before marriage, in her youth, was called Sofia Maria Dorothea Württemberg and was the daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. This marriage was not just beneficial for the state, the ruler sincerely fell in love with the girl. He wrote to his relatives that "this blonde with a pleasant face captivated the widow." In the alliance with Maria Fedorovna, the emperor had 10 children.

In addition to the two above-mentioned autocrats, it is worth noting Mikhail Pavlovich, who founded the first Russian artillery school in St. Petersburg. He became the only child who was born during the reign of Paul I. The love of his wife did not prevent Paul I from going according to generally accepted rules and start the favorites. Two of them, the maids of honor Sofya Ushakova and Mavra Yuryev, even gave birth to illegitimate children from the emperor.

Select Ekaterina Nelidov, who had an influence on the ruler. It was believed that she tried to lead the country with the hands of her lover. The personal life of Paul I and Catherine Nelidova was more intellectual than a carnal character. In it, the emperor realized the ideas of romantic chivalry. When close to the court understood how much the power of this woman increased, they arranged a “replacement” of the favorite of the ruler.

Anna Lopukhina became the new lady of the heart, and Nelidova retired to the castle of the Lod, to the territory of the present Estonia. It is curious that Lopukhina turned out to be dissatisfied with such a state of affairs, was burdened by the status of the ruler’s mistress, “knightly” manifestations of attention and was annoyed that these relations are exposed. Right during the coronation, he announced the changes in the order of the throne of the throne: now only men could rule Russia, and the crown was transferred only from father to son - the women of the royal family were deprived of the throne.

By this, the ruler unsuccessfully hoped to prevent palace coups in recent years.

Complex relations with the mother led to the fact that Pavel I chose by the method of leading the country actually the opposition of his decisions on domestic politics by its "enlightened absolutism." Reformed the army and began to fight serfdom.The Russian emperor signed a number of documents marked by the weakening of the positions of the nobility.

Thinking about improving the position of the peasants, the ruler issued a manifesto about a three -day corvee. According to this document, the landowners were banned from corvee on Sundays, holidays and more than three days a week. The efforts of Paul I introduced a semblance of free medical care. The landowners were ordered to take care of the peasants, to hire doctors for their treatment.

Cruelment with them was forbidden, for this the punishment could even follow, up to deprivation of property. The emperor personally analyzed all the complaints of the victims of the noble arbitrariness, which threw a box at the palace in the "yellow" box. The provincial reform began with the release of the decree "On the new division of the state in the province." The goal was to further centralize power and reduce the costs of maintaining administrations.

In accordance with this, it was planned to reduce the number of provinces from 50 to 41, the abolition of estate ships, reducing expenses for officials by reducing places, conducting audits and strengthening the position of governors. In the year, Paul I approved the manifesto of the full coat of arms of the All -Russian Empire, which, however, was not published. Not everyone liked such activities of the ruler.

The liberation of the radicals after many years responded in the form of an uprising of the Decembrists, which included representatives of the Closed Arzamas Society, the reduction of corvee remained only on paper, and the fight against corruption in the army grew into a series of repressions. It turned out to be unsuccessful and monetary reform - years, the purpose of which was to reduce inflation by refusing paper money.

Thanks to Pavel I, the soldiers had a new uniform, including warm things on fur. Engineering units appeared, schools of engineering architecture were built. The reform of the fleet and the army was preserved after the death of the sovereign. Pavel Petrovich himself also managed to participate in the war-in the Russian-Swedish one, but entered the battlefield only once-in August.

Foreign policy in foreign policy Paul I became famous for the struggle against the ideas of the French revolution. He introduced the strictest censorship in book publishing, French books, fashion, including round hats, were banned. During the reign of the emperor, thanks to the commander, Alexander Suvorov and Vice Admiral Fedor Ushakov, the Russian army and navy committed significant victories, collaborating with the Prussian and Austrian troops.

Later, the emperor showed his inconsistent character, broke off the relations with the allies and composed an alliance with Napoleon Bonaparte. It was in it that the Russian ruler saw the force that could stop the antimonarchist revolution. In the year, Russia concluded peace with France. Earlier, in the year, Bonaparte’s fleet captured Malta. Soon after, Paul I, at the request of the Maltese, accepted the title of the great master of the Maltese order.

On this occasion, the painter Vladimir Borovikovsky updated the coronation portrait of the emperor with new regalia and attributes. The artist wrote the face of the ruler at the work of Stepan Schukin. The death of Paul I during the reign of Paul I, despite the change in inheritance, at least three conspiracies were organized against Romanov, the last of which was crowned with success.

The officers, commanders of Russian regiments, as well as statesmen on the night of March 24, entered the emperor’s bedroom in the Mikhailovsky castle and committed a murder. Earlier, a similar palace coup was sent to the grave of Peter III. The official cause of death was called an apoplexy blow. The nobles met the memory of the death of death with undisguised glee. The perception of Paul I subsequent generations is ambiguous.

Some during the rule of Alexander I, and then in Soviet times, created the image of a tyrant and Samodur. The poet Alexander Pushkin called him “Warm by a crowned villain” in the clothes of the “liberty”. Others tried to emphasize the heighten sense of the justice of Paul I, called the ruler “the only romantic on the throne” and “Russian Hamlet”. The Orthodox Church even considered the possibility of canonize the emperor.

The memory of Peter the Great was preserved not only in historical documents. In his honor, streets and even cities, educational institutions and ships were named. Stamps were released with his portrait, films and books are dedicated to him, and monuments were erected. In M on the First Channel, the film “Pavel. First and last ”, dedicated to the ruler. The director was Alexander Cott.

The main character in childhood was embodied by the young actor Maximilian Kutuzov, and Denis Vlasenko in his youth and in adulthood. There is a legend of interesting facts about the color of the Mikhailovsky castle. According to her, the emperor picked up at the ball a glove dropped by Anna Lopukhina and decided that such a color would gain the walls of his “house”. The ruler can be considered the founder of service dog breeding in Russia.

The second wife of the emperor, as well as his favorites, are captured on the canvases of Russian painters.