Biography M Zoshchenko

St. Petersburg 2nd Krasnoarmeyskaya St. Small -form master. His stories, full of humor and satires, denounced the vices of the young Soviet society, especially associated with philistinism in all its manifestations. Also known as a screenwriter, playwright and translator. Writer Mikhail Zoshchenko Childhood and the Family Future writer was born on July 28 according to the old style of the year in St.

Petersburg. Grew up in a noble family. His father - Mikhail Ivanovich - was an artist, specialized in mosaic panels. He collaborated with the popular magazines of St. Petersburg Niva and North at that time. The artist’s works are stored in the funds of the Tretyakov Gallery. Mikhail’s mother, Elena Osipovna, gave his artistic inclinations in the unprofessional theater and was engaged in literary work - she wrote stories for print media mainly for the Kopeyka newspaper.

In addition to the boy, seven more children grew up in the family: the older sisters Elena and Valentina, as well as the younger ones - Julia, Tamara, Vera, Vladimir and Vitaly. From childhood, Mikhail himself suffered from a nervous disorder, due to which he was subject to depression, hypochondria, refused food and was generally a child to be shy and closed. Over the years, the disease only progressed.

Zoshchenko was thirteen years old when his father died. Since then, my mother had to pull a large family alone, resorting to obtaining all kinds of payments and benefits. Mikhail studied at the gymnasium, but did not go to the best students, often sitting lectures at a desk with an absent look. But he was given a literary gift of his mother. Already in elementary school, he composed poems, then switched to small prose.

Zoshchenko’s official first story is the “coat”, which he wrote at 13 years old. However, literary skills did not help him write well an essay on the final exam. During his work, he grabbed a “unit”, after which he tried to defiantly commit suicide: he was poisoned by mercury chloride, but the doctors managed to save him. While the son came to his senses in a hospital bed, Elena Osipovna broke up the thresholds so that he would be allowed to retake the exam.

To achieve this, she had to turn directly to the Ministry of Education ... The war and the revolution in the fate of the writer after graduating from the gymnasium Zoshchenko began to study the right at St. Petersburg University. But at the end of the first year he was forced to quit his studies, since the family had no money for payment. To earn the next year, the young man got a job as a controller to the Caucasian railways.

In August, he tried to recover, but the university leadership did not meet him. Zoshchenko decided to volunteered for the front. He passed the accelerated military courses and four months later ended up in the Grenadier Division. As Zoshchenko said in the autobiographical story “Before Supporting of the Sun”, at the age of 19 he became a lieutenant, a year later he had five orders, two later he was presented to the captains.

Although due to the revolution, he officially did not manage to receive either the title or the order. In November, Zoshchenko was wounded in the leg. The wound turned out to be light, and after a short treatment, Mikhail returned to the front. In July, he fell under a gas attack, survived, but hit the hospital. After three months of treatment, he was offered to go to the reserve, but he preferred to return to his regiment.

However, in February, the consequences of poisoning made themselves felt: Mikhail worsened the heart defect, he was sent to the reserve. He returned to his hometown with the beginning of the February Revolution. He did not experience longing for an old life: he longed for changes in his native country, he wanted to see healthy and flowering people around him.

Despite health problems, at the beginning of the year, Mikhail began to serve under the banners of the Red Army. He was an adjutant in the regiment, took part in the battles near Narva. However, after the heart attack that happened in April of the same year, he was demobilized. For some time he remained in service, working as a telephone operator for border guards. For about three years, Zoshchenko tried himself in different professions, traveling around the country.

He was the commandant of the postage of Petrograd, a rabbit instructor in Smolensk, worked in the St. John's wort of fishing near Arkhangelsk, in Mezen. Mikhail mastered the work of the shoemaker, the clerk and judicial secretary. He worked in the police, instructed poultry farmers ... In total, according to him, he replaced the cities and professions near a dozen.

In this run to the points on the map and in the change of occupation, he was looking for deliverance from the terrible longing that he experienced in his young years. Literary career. Before the new war, Mikhail Zoshchenko entered the literary environment in the twenties. Having committed, he became a participant in the literary studio under the leadership of Korney Chukovsky, organized by the book publishing house "World Literature".

They wrote the so -called "stupid romantic novels", setting the goal of getting rid of the past canons imposed by the literature and make their work extremely apolitical. It was in the magazine “Brothers” that the story of Zoshchenko was first printed, which attracted attention to the young writer.The heroes of the author’s works by and large were the townsfolk who primarily looked at the surrounding reality.

His stories and feuilletons scattered on the winged phrases: “What kind of noise, but no fights? In the twentieth-thirties, the light saw a huge number of collections of his stories and stories that diverged with significant circulations. The most popular were the “sentimental stories”, which included his work - years, as well as the “Blue Book”, in the preface to which Zoshchenko thanked Maxim Gorky, who since the time of “Serapion brothers” had seen potential in his colleague and motivated Zoshchenko to create a major satirical collection.

In the year, the story of Zoshchenko “Returned Youth” came out. According to the format, it was something completely different than the writer’s satirical works familiar to the reader. The reason for writing the book was given by the crisis that happened to him back in the mid -twenties: on the nervous ground, Mikhail stopped eating and almost died of hunger. In this scientific and artistic story, the writer, in fact, was looking for ways to manage his own health and a change in life for the better.

Interest in the work was shown even in scientific circles. The content of the story became the subject of discussion at scientific conferences. And the creator of the science of higher nervous activity, Academician Ivan Pavlov invited Mikhail Zoshchenko to his so -called “Pavlovsk media”, where he sorted the course of current research with colleagues in the scientific workshop. In E, he also began work on the autobiography “before sunrise” during the Great Patriotic War, it barely became known about the attack by Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union, Zoshchenko, who passed the first and civil war and had impressive combat experience behind him, intended to go to the front.

However, due to poor health, he was rejected. He entered the fire defense of Leningrad. In those years, Zoshchenko lived on Griboedov, 9, regularly with his son was on duty on the roof of the house, tracking incendiary bombs falling on the city. The pen remained his weapon. The actual feuilletons of Zoshchenko, exposing Nazism, appeared in the press. In collaboration with Eugene Schwartz, he wrote the play “Under the Lipes of Berlin”, where he showed how Soviet troops take the German capital.

The performance on this play successfully went to the blockade Leningrad, raising the morale of the inhabitants. In September, the writer was forced to obey the order from above and first go to Moscow, then to Alma-Ata. In evacuation, he was engaged in scenario work for Mosfilm. In the year he returned to Moscow, where he joined the editorial board of the journal Crocodile.

Later plunged into drama. His comedies went on the stage of the Leningrad Drama Theater. The production "Passenger portfolio" was shown two hundred times a year. Vera Karbits, a graduate of the female gymnasium, who later graduated from two classes of pedagogical courses, became the personal life of Mikhail Zoshchenko. Zoshchenko met his future wife in a student, but they began to communicate closely in the year of the revolution.

By that time, Vera had already divorced Vitaly Martanus, in the future by the Soviet general. In the year, Michael and Vera became husband and wife. This happened shortly after the death of the writer's mother. After a painting at the registry office, he moved to faith. In the year, their son was born. The boy was called Valery. After the birth of his son, Zoshchenko’s nervous disorder began to progress.

He became even more closed and gloomy. At some point, he settled separately from his wife, renting an apartment in the House of Arts. To have fun, he began to start intrigues with married women - it did not help. Only in the middle of X, after a visit to a psychiatrist who could not help him as a legend, the doctor advised the writer to read more humorous stories, “for example, like those that Zoshchenko writes”, he began to study Freud's scientific works, look for the cause of psychological injury, and again met with faith.

The ill -fated story and the ill -fated story during the evacuation from Leningrad Mikhail Zoshchenko, like other people who left the city, allowed to take with them no more than twelve kilograms of cargo. And if others gathered the necessary personal belongings on the road, then the writer had two dozen notebooks with the blanks of the autobiographical story “Before Supporting Sun”.

Despite the fact that Mikhail tore off the cover of the cover, only four kilograms remained on the necessary things. Then, working in the script department of the Alma-Ata film studio, Zoshchenko continued to work on an autobiography, analyzing the reasons for his own reluctance to live in it. The work was largely based on the works of academician Ivan Pavlov and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.

The first chapters “before sunrise” appeared in the journal “October” in the year. It all ended on this, since a strict ban followed the continuation of the publication. This became the harbinger of the storm, who fell upon the writer a few years later. In the year, on the pages of Zvezda magazine, his children's story “The Adventures of the Monkey”, which had previously been printed in Murzilka, published his children's story.After the publication “upstairs” in the story, they saw anti -Soviet attacks and, as they would say now, “raids” on Soviet reality.