Bobrikov biography

His grandfather was a rural priest, and his father was a military doctor. In the city of Bobrikov he graduated from the Cadet Corps, was promoted to officers and in Bobrikov was appointed an officer on special assignments at the commander of the guard and the St. Petersburg Military District Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich. During the years of the Russo-Turkish war, Bobrikov temporarily acted as chief of staff of the military district.

He was engaged in the formation and training of reserves, sending replenishment to the front, supply organizations. Alexander II appointed him a member of the Supreme Administrative Commission for the protection of state order and public peace under the leadership of Count Loris-Melikov. During these years, K. Pobedonostsev wrote about him the Minister of Internal Affairs D.

Tolstoy: "He was always good to hear the reviews about him, and intelligent people consider his direction to be impeccable." Bobrikov was approved by the chief of staff of the guard and the St. Petersburg Military District, commanded by Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich. This position of Bobriks was held before G. During these years, Bobrikov’s activities were very negatively evaluated by the secretary of the State Council A.

Polovtsev and Minister of War Vannovsky. Polovtsev in his diary wrote that Bobrikov “Famous Rearland and Swearing”, Vannovsky also accused Bobrikov of greedy. In August, Bobrikov was appointed to the Finnish governor. He developed a program of measures against Finland, which were supposed to strengthen the connection of the Finnish outskirts with the Russian Empire.

Bobrikov proposed: to unite the Finnish army with the Russian; To abolish the state secretariat of the Grand Duke of Finland; introduce Russian in institutions and educational institutions of Finland; conduct a test of textbooks in all educational institutions of Finland, to establish official Russian discharge; To simplify the solemnity of the opening ceremony of sessions of the Sejm; Introduce national legislation for Finland and Empire.

In Bobrikov’s program, an important place was occupied by the introduction of the Senate, educational institutions and other institutions of the Russian language in the Finland. The question of the use of the Russian language in the Finland state institutions in the city Bobrikov took part in his work. He believed that “the government throughout Russia should speak in one language.

Language is the spiritual banner of the empire and the first condition of the internal unification of all its components, it is an expression of the vitality of the Russian people and their statehood, ”therefore,“ to allow any exception to Finland from this general rule there is no reason ”. Pleve was published a manifesto on the language. The institutions of the Grand Duchy of Finland were to go into Russian to Bobrikov tried to speed up the transition of Finland's institutions into Russian.

He published the circular to the governors, where he proposed to go into Russian to G. But Pleve spoke out against, believing that the initiative of Bobrikov was contrary to the imperial manifesto. The beginning of work on the introduction of the Russian language in Finland was the impetus for the replacement of the officials of the local administration. Bobrikov significantly changed the composition of his office, where Finns officials were replaced by Russians who own the Swedish or Finnish language.

Bobrikov sought to ensure that in all institutions of Finland part of the posts were occupied by persons who speak the Russian language. Bobrikov believed that the Senate actively prevents the growth of Russian influence in the Grand Duchy. Therefore, Bobrikov insisted on a more clear distinction between the powers of the Senate and Governor-General. To the city of the Senate, decisions in the most important cases became possible only with the participation of the Governor-General or his assistant.

It was noted that the Senate works under the leadership of the Governor General. Local governing bodies and self-government were also subordinate to the Governor General. The competence of the Governor-General was attributed to the issuance of permits for public meetings, fundraising for various needs. At the beginning of G. Bobrikov took advantage of this and the Russians or Finns were appointed to the vacant posts, loyally tuned to the Russian autocracy.

For a more active replacement of local officials in the city, officials were shifted only by court decision. Bobrikov conducted significant personnel permutations in judicial institutions, orders of order and city administrations. In the provinces of Uusimaa and Vyborg, all the burgomaster were fired. The Finns, representatives of the Starofinsky party, who took the pro -Russian position, or the Russians and the Estonians who speak the Finnish language were appointed to these posts.

During his governorship general, Bobrikov also dealt with education issues. Bobrikov proposed creating a special commission for revising school textbooks used in Finland schools. In the competence of Bobrikov, they were compiled in such a way that they did not raise proper partiotism and the right attitude towards Russia in students. To substantiate his point of view, Bobrikov cited, for example, quotes from geography textbooks for a people's school.Finland was considered as an independent state in them, very little was spoken of Russia.

The Russian people said that: "Likes to drink tea with sugar, eagerly eats sour cabbage soup, onions and cucumbers." But Bobrikov failed to carry out this project. The Senate formed the Committee on this issue, but after the death of Bobrikov, the work stopped. The idea of ​​the Governor-General about the introduction of Finland in all educational institutions as special and mandatory subjects of the history and geography of Russia in all educational institutions in all educational institutions.

In the Grand Duchy of Finland, both Finland and Russian schools acted. Russian educational institutions in Finland were subordinated to the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment of the Russian Empire. The situation of Russian schools in Finland was difficult due to insufficient financing. The Ministry of Finance reduced funds for their maintenance, and funds from the budget of the Grand Duchy were also not allocated.

During the Governor-General of Bobrikov in Finland, 11 new Russian folk schools were founded and their total number increased to strengthening the influence of the Russian Empire in the Grand Duchy of Finland Bobrikov with an increase in the role of the Orthodox Church. Bobrikov, in the report of Nicholas II, noted: "The growth of the success of Orthodoxy, contributing to the maintenance of the dignity of the empire in the eyes of the People’s Finnish mass, is equivalent to raising the significance of the Russian name and Russian statehood in the region." Under Bobrikov, more than ten Orthodox churches were built or repaired in Finland.

Having entered the post of Governor General, Bobrikov noted that in Finland, periodic printing is very popular. The content of the newspapers caused criticism from Bobrikov. He noted that Finnish newspapers spread the ideas of “separatism”. As the Governor-General Bobrikov had the right to make warning newspapers, suspend newspapers for a while or close them forever.

On the initiative of Bobrikov, the Swedish -speaking newspaper “Estra Finland”, who called himself “sentences to post against the East”, was closed in Vyborg. But instead of a closed newspaper, other publications began to be published, which retained the appearance of a prohibited newspaper. After that, Bobrikov insisted on expanding his powers and received the right not only to warn and close newspapers, but also at his own discretion to demand the replacement of the editor -in -chief.

Swedish newspapers suffered more. Bobrikov turned to the emperor to establish a Russian -speaking newspaper in Helsingfors. In November, the newspaper was freed from censorship. In the Grand Duchy, the Russian -speaking “Finland newspaper” from the city of newspapers was boycotted by the local population began to be published. The issue of Suomen Sanomat ceased in the city of Bobrikov’s attempt to create a counterweight to the Finnish press was largely unsuccessful.

To the city of the Grand Duchy of Finland had its own monetary system. The main monetary unit was Mark. The brand, unlike the Russian ruble, was provided with gold, so Finland for a long time refused to enter the ruble, referring to the instability of the ruble. The introduction of a single monetary system threatened Finland with losses. Bobrikov took an active part in the discussion of this issue.

Long negotiations with the Finns led to an agreement on the parallel use of the brand and ruble in Finland. Bobrikov’s position was shared by Emperor Nicholas II. In February, Bobrik’s policy in the Grand Duchy was supported by the Minister of Internal Affairs Pleve.

In Finland, discontent has matured. One of the forms of protest was the active assistance of the Finns to Russian revolutionaries and public figures. The Finns helped all Russian underground political organizations, considering them their associates in the fight against the Russian government. I will firmly guard the post entrusted to me, and as a sentry, I won’t get off him at all costs to the king and homeland, I am ready to put the Holow with pleasure, not handing over Russian interests on an iot, ”Bobrikov wrote to General Kuropatkin.

These were not just words. Bobrikov sincerely did what, in his opinion, was necessary. He worked until late at night. In letters, he mentioned that “there are a lot of worries, and the outskirts of changes in Finland related to Bobrikov’s activities cannot be left.