Biography of the Dzerzhin book

In psychology, red color “contributes to activity, friendliness, confidence, in large quantities causes anger and rage. Gives self -confidence, readiness for action, contributes to a statement of strength and possibilities. White color has a feature of visually increasing space. Red-white flag of Poland. The revolutionary G. A number of them, previously one of many, became a significant cult figures: Kornilov, Kerensky ...

One of these figures became Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky-before revolutionary events in Russia, he was known to the majority only as one of the representatives of the Polish Social Democracy, but in Dzerzhinsky it became one of the key figures of the Russian revolutionary process. His appointment on December 7, such a schematic perception of Felix Dzerzhinsky, for a long time, will become the basis of his research on his studies for a long time.

In this regard, it is necessary to disclose the activities of these organs and indicate the role of Dzerzhinsky in them. Moreover, it is with these bodies of Soviet state security that most of the information in society about it is connected, in p. At the same time, Iron Felix was already perceived in different ways during his lifetime. Someone considered him a knight of the revolution, and someone is a Chekist executioner, a red cut.

These are extreme points of view, more related to the political addictions of people characterizing Dzerzhinsky than the objective characteristics of a particular political and statesman, a real person. With one, of course, one can agree - it was an extraordinary figure in which a variety of moments of the history of Russia and Poland were intertwined. Red and white have largely determined his biography.

These were the colors of his homeland - Poland, these are the colors of rage, blood, anger and at the same time chivalry, purity of intentions, endless space. These are the colors of the main parties to the civil war in Russia. This is the image of Dzerzhinsky, in which red and white are intertwined. The perception of Dzerzhinsky originally developed in two directions: literary and historical.

The literature of the image of Dzerzhinsky was manifested in numerous works of writers, where he became the hero or prototype of the hero. The beginning of this process was laid by the well -known Russian writer G. Dzerzhinsky in the famous Alexander Central at the beginning of the twentieth century, he uses his impressions of him and his comrade Eser Sellkorevtsev in writing pre -revolutionary stories “at the stages” and “desert”.

Later, he will tell in his memoirs and about the Alexander riot, whose participants were, among others, he and Dzerzhinsky 1. After the revolution and subsequent years, Dzerzhinsky became the hero of many Soviet works. We mention only some of the most famous ones: this is the poem by A. Sorin “Comrade Dzerzhinsky”, the story of Yu. Korolkova “Felix is ​​happy ...”, Julian Semenov’s historical novel “Burning” -, Yu.

Herman’s story “Stories about Dzerzhinsky”, etc. More than once became Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky by the hero or the prototype of the hero and for the works of foreign authors. Sometimes it was a literary and journalistic attempt to present Dzerzhinsky’s biography, sometimes a grotesque who had nothing real with the character. In the first vein, the image of Dzerzhinsky in the x.

These books have repeatedly reprinted, to put it mildly, ambiguous, but also draw their own - the dark image of Dzerzhinsky. There are other art foreign works where Dzerzhinsky was bred. Thus, in Western European literature, the interpretation of his image in the novel of the outstanding English writer William Somerset Mojam - “Christmas Vacations” is of interest, in which Dzerzhinsky occupies an important place in the character system 4.

We note that this is not only the British writer, but also the British intelligence officer who was Maugham. You can also note attempts to study the biography of Dzerzhinsky in the West. Among the latest works that successfully reveal the personal life of Dzerzhinsky, but to a lesser extent state activity, we note the study of Sylvia Frolov, translated into Russian.

The Polish period of Dzerzhinsky’s life in it is given at a good level. Unfortunately, in the Soviet period there are often gross errors. We will indicate only one characteristic moment indicating the knowledge of the author of Soviet realities. For her, the killer of Uritsky, the terrorist Kannegiser, Socialist -Revolutionaries, and not Enes, the left and right Socialist -Revolutionaries and Savinkovites are also a kind of general phenomenon under the term “Socialist -Revolutionaries”.

There are many other mistakes. At the same time, we note that sometimes, following his predecessors, the author still does not seek to follow the path of acceptance of any lies about Dzerzhinsky and, although he is often mistaken, is trying to be objective 5. The use of the image of Dzerzhinsky in the literature is only one of the aspects of his reflection in the drawn positive and negative symbols of the revolution.

The author is close to the image of Dzerzhinsky in the poem by E. Bagritsky, “TVS”, but it does not reveal all of Dzerzhinsky, its essence, the contradictions of his personality. Partly, the early, pre -revolutionary Dzerzhinsky can be understood by reading his diaries and letters.The prison diary and prison letters, postcards and letters to relatives were often published in the Soviet period 6.

In the same period, his letters were partially published to Margarita Nikolaeva, one of the women that he loved. At the beginning of the XXI century, they were published completely A. Plekhanov 7. His letters to Sabina Fainstin, also one of his beloved women, are also known. Subsequently, the same authors published a set of personal sources of Dzerzhinsky 8. All this, along with a brief autobiography of Dzerzhinsky, his literary exploration of the escape from the second link, near the articles of the Dzerzhinsky specified period, served as one of the foundations of the first chapters of this book.

Much less materials about Dzerzhinsky’s personal life after G. Yes, his individual personal letters are known, there are many memories of him, but there are no such frank sources as before. Dzerzhinsky simply does not have diaries during this period, there is no time to write lengthy letters. Here you have to rely more on documents.

There is more state, less personal, but they also give a lot to understand the personality of Dzerzhinsky. Now hundreds of documents related to the activities of F. Plekhanov 9 have been introduced into scientific circulation. This collection complements the previously published documentaries on the history of the Cheka, as well as on general political issues of the history of Soviet Russia, we note that a number of important documents characterizing F.

Dzerzhinsky, did not enter the specified Plekhanov collection. However, they were published earlier in other fundamental collections, which made it possible in this book to fill the indicated gap A. Teplyakov in his review of the Plekhanovsky collection also an important addition was the articles and interviews of Dzerzhinsky in Soviet newspapers and magazines, as well as the texts of his speeches and letters.

In this regard, we note the publication of the latest letters of Dzerzhinsky in the magazine "Communist" for G. Therefore, the subject of this book will be the entire biography of Dzerzhinsky, starting from its origin and early years of life. This is an important point. For example, during the Vilnius gymnasium, Goldman, Solz, etc., important for the future biography of the Dzerzhinsky attitude, will develop.

The moment of Dzerzhinsky’s acquaintance with other figures of the Russian and European revolutionary movement seems important. Of course, it is extremely difficult to reveal all aspects of Dzerzhinsky’s biography as part of one book, therefore, in this study, the author focuses on the main milestones of Dzerzhinsky’s biography. A number of parties to his activities will be disclosed in less detail, a number in more detail.

In this case, for the author, it was precisely the personal approach to the biography of Dzerzhinsky, the identification of key turning facts of his life, which led him to the revolutionary movement when he becomes a revolutionary-internationalist, how does he become the chairman of the Cheka and why does his worldview change in this or that period of activity? The work itself could not take place without taking into account the contribution of the predecessors to study its activities.

Therefore, I will indicate a number of studies and memories that were performed in an earlier period. First of all, I note that his contemporaries wrote a lot about the activities and personality of F. Dzerzhinsky. These were the memoirs of his associates, party comrades, as well as his opponents, who most often found themselves in exile. The memoirs of the Chekists of J. Peters, M.

Latsis, V. Menzhinsky, I. Untlycht, V. Mantsev, S. Uralova, F. Fomin, V. Gerson, A. Belenky, S. Tikhomolov and many others are known. These memories are ambiguous, t. The memoirs of a later period are also subjective. We can agree with V. Menzhinsky that “talking about Dzerzhinsky-Chekist means writing the history of the Cheka-GPU both in the environment of the Civil War and in the conditions of the NEP”, the memoirs of Soviet political figures adjoin the same memories.

Again, many of these memories came out after July G.