Kulibin Ivan Petrovich Biography

Kulibin, Ivan Petrovich. I half of the XIX century. It happened on April 21, years ago. Kulibin's father did not give his son of school education. He taught him to trade. But the son languished behind an unloved business, and as soon as the free minute fell out, he indulged in an unloved occupation: he made different wonders, floods, a healing, gear. Father complained about his son, often repeated "the Lord punished me, there will be no use from the boy." Kulibin grew up with a closed dreamer, obsessed with the idea of ​​inventing something unusual.

Everything that concerned the technique was very worried about him, the young man was especially interested in the clock mechanisms but the formation received by Kulibin from the clerk was not enough to figure out these complex mechanisms. Books came to the rescue. The young man checked the knowledge gained from books. Kulibin’s trip to Moscow on city town hall affairs gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with the watch, to purchase tools, a ray sales machine and a cutting machine.

Upon his return from Moscow, he opened an hourly workshop and began to significantly succeed in an hourly business. Constantly studying physics and mathematics, the inventor improved his skill and soon became convinced that he had enough strength, knowledge and skill to create a watch of his own design with numerous mathematical devices. In this case, he was helped by the merchant Kostromin, who took on all the costs of keeping the Kulibin family and the acquisition of materials and tools to make such complex hours, which were the clock of the “egg figure”, was extremely difficult.

The details were so shallow that the final processing of them had to be carried out under a magnifying glass. In addition, Kulibin was not only a watchmaker, but at the same time as a locksmith, an instrumental, a metal turner and a tree, a modeling artist and, in addition, a designer and a technologist. He was even a composer, as the clock played a melody composed. When the manufacture of the clock of the “egg figure” came to an end, Kulibin managed to get acquainted with the microscope, an electric machine, a telescope and a telescope, brought from Moscow by a merchant Izvolsky.

These devices were extremely interested in Kulibin, and he personally made the same. The governor of Arshenevsky and the merchant Kostromin, who patronized Kulibin, introduced him to the queen. She examined an electric machine, a telescope, a microscope and wonderful hours, on the manufacture of which the mechanic spent more than two years. These watches were the size of a goose egg.

They consisted of thousands of the smallest details, started once a day and repelled the due time, even half and a quarter. The queen praised the talent of the inventor and promised to call Kulibin to St. Petersburg. Catherine II kept the word. In March, Ivan Petrovich was called to St. Petersburg and determined by the head of the mechanical workshop of the Academy of Sciences with the title of mechanic.

The clock, an electric machine, a microscope and a telescope brought by him, were transferred to a Kunstkamer- established by Peter the first a kind of museum. In which a variety of wonders were stored. For the benefits of the state and society, the St. Petersburg period of the life of I. Kulibin GG. The provincial inventor-recipient approached the source of the country's highest scientific thought, from which he could now draw knowledge by direct communication with large scientists.

He received at his disposal to workshops with numerous departments of instrumental, turning, caruty, barometric, optical, pointhine, with the staff of qualified masters at the same time Kulibin, one of the remarkable inventors of the XVIII century, all his thoughts, who went to solve the largest technical issues, had to live on the Academic authorities and spend a significant part A work that is very far from grandiose inventive plans.

Nevertheless, Ivan Petrovich found time to develop his inventions. He designed a wooden one -black bridge over the Neva. The capital was extremely needed by a permanent bridge. But the construction of such a bridge with the then bridge -building technique represented exceptional difficulties. Neva is wide and deep. Under these conditions, it was difficult to build supports of bulls to install spans.

Kulibin managed to make the bridge single -span, from one arch. At the expense of the production of Prince Potemkin, he began to build a model. The creation of such a model was a major event in construction equipment and attracted the attention of Academician L. L. A world -famous scientist not only got acquainted with the drawings of the bridge, but also checked the calculations of Kulibin by determining the carrying capacity of the bridge and found them correct.

Three thousand three hundred pounds of cargo were laid on the bridge. The model withstood this load, which was considered by the calculation of the maximum. Kulibin ordered to increase the severity to the poods. After that, he ascended the model and invited not only the commission of the Academy of Sciences, but also the workers who participated in the test. All together walked several times along the bridge.

There was nothing left for the commissions, how to congratulate the inventor on success.The commission admitted that according to his project, you can build a bridge over the Neva long meters. The queen, who “with extreme pleasure” adopted a report on such an important invention of domestic mechanic, ordered him to reward with money and a gold medal. And the bridge? No one was going to build a bridge.

His model was ordered to "make a pleasant spectacle of the public, which daily flocked in many ways to be surprised at it." Soon, interest in the model and the public and the public cooled down. In the year, a decree was issued to transfer it to the garden of the Tauride Palace and there to be transferred there through the channel. Such was the fate of the model of a wooden single -blue bridge, about which the famous bridge builder D.

Zhurakhovsky said "it lies the seal of a genius." The project of the Trehar Iron Bridge, created by Kulibin in a few years, was not implemented. Kulibin also invented the original lamp, which can be considered the prototype of the modern spotlight. For this lamp, he used a concave mirror consisting of a huge number of separate pieces of mirror glasses. In the focus of the mirror, the light source was placed, the strength of which was increased by the mirror by once.

Kulibin intended his spotlight primarily for practical purposes.

He invented lanterns of different sizes and strength: some were convenient for lighting corridors, large workshops, ships, were indispensable for sailors, and others were suitable for carriages. But the Petersburgsky nobility was least interested in the opportunity to use this lantern, which was at that time a miracle of technology, for the needs of the Russian fleet, for manufactories or urban improvement.

Kulibinsky lanterns were used for decorative and entertainment purposes. But Ivan Petrovich did not give up. Doomed to the position of court pyrotechnics, the organizer of illuminations and butafor, he continued to create inventions in this area that could have great importance in the national economy and in military affairs, if only his “patrons” did not interfere with this.

Such an invention was, for example, his machine water vessel. According to Kulibin, the device of the "water vessel" was as follows. One end of the rope is tied to a motionless object on the shore or anchor, listed forward, the other is wrapped around the rowing shaft on the ship. The current presses on the blades of the wheels, they come into rotation, and the rope is wound on the rowing shaft.

The ship begins to move against the current. Tests were carried out on the Neva by a special government commission. When it went so fast that the two -lover Yalik could hardly stay with him on a par, the loud “Hurray” struck the Russian self -taught, who, standing on his ship, controlled the car himself. For the built ship, Kulibin was awarded five thousand rubles, but his ship was never introduced.

In the socio-economic conditions of that time, the trial with Burlatsky traction was more profitable than machine ships. He still rushes "all his thoughts on the invention of the treasury and the society of useful machines." In the year, Kulibin created a scooter, a three-wheeled crew, driven by pedals associated with a witty gear ratio with the drive wheels of the machine.

She could carry "one or two idle people." In the same year, Kulibin designed mechanical legs prosthesis. He made the first prosthesis to the artillery officer Neritsin. The result was amazed at Kulibin himself. When the made prosthesis was attached to the Neciacin leg, then he, having shoes in the boot, "for the first case went with a cane, sat down and got up, without touching it with his hands and without any outside help." Military surgeons recognized the prosthesis invented by Kulibin by the most perfect of all existing and quite suitable for use.

But this invention did not bring Kulibin nothing. In addition to expenses. While judging and rowed, about to experience a prosthesis on experience. Applying it to the wounded, a certain dodger Frenchman stole this invention and, as they say, then sold it to Napoleon, receiving a pretty jackpot. The development of these inventions required Kulibin not only time. Payment of civilian masters.

Without his own funds and not receiving any amounts from the treasury, Kulibin was forced to borrow money. The path of a professional inventor was becoming more thorny every year. Having abandoned the leadership of the workshops, Ivan Petrovich began to receive only rubles a year. And they already owned a new idea of ​​creating a model of an optical telegraph. Kulibin developed both the telegraph of the original design and the secret telegraph code.

But the state and social significance of this invention. It was not appreciated by those. From whom the possibility of the construction of a telegraph depended.